System and method for securing a plate to a spinal column

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to a drill guide and methods of using a drill guide with a plate having at least one slotted hole extending therethrough. The drill guide positions a bone engaging fastener away from the ends of the slot, allowing compression or distraction of the bony segment to which the plate is attached.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/417,402 filed Oct. 13, 1999, pending.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of instrumentation and systems for the spine, and more particularly to instrumentation and systems for use in engaging plates to the spine.

[0003] Bony structures are subject to defects and trauma which require a plate to be secured thereto in order to stabilize the bony segment as it heals or fuses. For example, the spine is subject to various pathologies that compromise its load bearing and support capabilities. Such pathologies of the spine include, for example, degenerative diseases, the effects of tumors and, of course, fractures and dislocations attributable to physical trauma. Spinal surgeons have addressed these problems using a wide variety of instrumentation in a broad range of surgical techniques. The use of elongated rigid plates has been helpful in the stabilization and fixation of the lower spine, most particularly in the thoracic and lumbar spine. These same plating techniques have found some level of acceptance by surgeons specializing in the treatment of the cervical spine.

[0004] Many spinal plating systems have been developed in the last couple of decades to address some of the needs and requirements for spinal and other bony segment fixation systems. However, even with the more refined plating system designs, there still remains a need for a system that effectively addresses the requirements for such a system. For example, there remains a need for systems and methods for inserting bone engaging fasteners which allow compression and extension of the bony segment to which the plate is attached after the fasteners are inserted. The present invention is directed to satisfying these needs, among others.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention provides a drill guide for forming holes through a plate in a vertebra into which bone engaging fasteners are inserted to engage the plate to the vertebra. The drill guide positions the bone engaging fastener away from the ends of a slotted hole through plate.

[0006] The present invention also provides a bone fixation system that includes a plate and a drill guide. The plate includes at least one slotted hole extending therethrough. The drill guide is positionable on the plate such that a hole drilled through the drill guide spaces the screw from the ends of the slotted hole.

[0007] The present invention further provides methods for securing a plate to upper and lower vertebrae of a spinal column segment. The plate is fixed to one of the vertebra. A bone engaging fastener engaged to the other vertebra is positioned away from the ends of a slot extending through the plate. The fastener can thus accommodate extension and post-operative settling of the spinal column segment surgeon selectively applies either a compression or distraction load to the spinal column segment with the plate secured to the spinal column segment by the bone engaging fastener.

[0008] These and other forms, embodiments, aspects, features, objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009]FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of an anterior plating system according to the present invention.

[0010]FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of the anterior plating system of FIG. 1 with the bone screws locked in place.

[0011]FIG. 3 is a top perspective view of the anterior plating system of FIG. 1 with bone screws translated in a slot of the plate.

[0012] FIGS. 4(a)-4(f) are top plan views of fixation plates of the present invention provided in different sizes and configurations.

[0013] FIGS. 5(a)-5(f) are top plan views of washers of the present invention provided in sizes and configurations corresponding to the plates in FIGS. 5(a)-5(f).

[0014]FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of a bone screw according to one aspect of the present invention.

[0015]FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of a locking fastener according to another aspect of the present invention.

[0016] FIGS. 8(a)-8(k) are various views and sections of washers according to the present invention.

[0017]FIG. 9 is a top plan view of a first end of the fixation plate of the present invention.

[0018]FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken through line 10-10 of FIG. 9.

[0019]FIG. 11 is an end elevational view of the plate of FIG. 9.

[0020]FIG. 12 is a top plan view of a second end of the fixation plate of the present invention.

[0021]FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 13-13 of FIG. 12.

[0022]FIG. 14 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken through line 14-14 of FIG. 12.

[0023]FIG. 15 is a top plan view of an intermediate portion of the fixation plate of the present invention.

[0024]FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view taken through line 16-16 of FIG. 15.

[0025]FIG. 17 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken through line 17-17 of FIG. 15.

[0026]FIG. 18 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken through line 18-18 of FIG. 15.

[0027]FIG. 19a is a partial sectional view of the anterior plate assembly of the present invention with the screws disposed through the holes at the first end of the plate and engaged in a vertebra.

[0028]FIG. 19b is a partial sectional view of the anterior plate assembly of the present invention with the screws disposed through the slots of the plate and engaged in a vertebra.

[0029] FIGS. 20(a)-20(f) illustrate various instruments and steps of a method according to another aspect to the present invention.

[0030] FIGS. 21(a)-21(c) are various perspective views of a compression tool according to yet another aspect of the present invention.

[0031] FIGS. 22(a)-22(b) are side elevational views of the arms of an alternate embodiment compression tool.

[0032]FIG. 23 is a side elevational view of a drill guide according to another aspect of the present invention.

[0033]FIG. 24 is a top plan view of the drill guide of FIG. 23.

[0034]FIG. 25 is a front elevational view of the drill guide of FIG. 23.

[0035]FIG. 26 is an enlarged front elevational view of a distal portion of the guide members forming a portion of the drill guide of FIG. 23.

[0036]FIG. 27 is a medial side elevational view of the distal portion of one of the guide members of FIG. 26 looking in the direction of arrows 27-27 of FIG. 26.

[0037]FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view taken through line 28-28 of FIG. 27.

[0038]FIG. 29 is a top perspective view of the drill guide of FIG. 23 positioned on a plate located on a spinal column segment.

[0039]FIG. 30 is an enlarged bottom perspective view of the plate and drill guide of FIG. 29.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0040] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications in the illustrated devices, and any further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein, are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

[0041] A plating system 30 having application in an anterior approach to the cervical spine is depicted in FIGS. 1-3. The portion of the spine is shown schematically in FIG. 1 to include a first vertebra V1, a second vertebra V2, and intermediate vertebrae V3 and V4. Preferably, first vertebra V1 is the inferior or bottom vertebra in the portion of the spinal column and the second vertebra V2 is the superior or top vertebra of the portion of the spinal column. However, it is also contemplated herein that first vertebra V1 is the superior vertebra and that second vertebrae V2 is the inferior vertebra. It should also be understood that, as described below, the present invention has application with spinal column portions that include vertebrae ranging in number from two to six vertebrae. One or more implants I may be placed into one or more of the disc spaces between adjacent vertebrae as needed. Implant I may be a bone graft, fusion device, or any other type of interbody device that is insertable into a disc space and promotes fusion between adjacent vertebrae.

[0042] In accordance with the present invention, the plating system 30 includes an elongated plate 31 having a number of openings therethrough and a number of bone engaging fasteners, shown in the form of bone screws 50, that are insertable through the openings. In a preferred form, each bone engaging fastener is in the form of a bone screw. Plate 31 has a longitudinal axis L extending along the length of the plate at its centerline. Bone engaging fasteners or bone screws 50 are held in plate 31 by way of a retainer assembly 33 positioned along axis L. The openings of elongated plate 31 include a pair of holes 34 at first node 36 adjacent a first end of plate 31. First node 36 is positioned over first vertebra V1. Plate 31 also includes a pair of slots 35 at a second node 37 adjacent a second end of plate 31. Second node 37 is positioned over second vertebra V2. In some forms of plate 31, several intermediate nodes 38 are provided along the length of the plate 31 between first node 36 and second node 37. Each intermediate node 38 includes a pair of intermediate slots 32 positioned over a corresponding one of the intermediate vertebrae V3 and V4. Plating system 30 can be fabricated from any type of biocompatible material.

[0043] It is preferred that holes 34 are paired with one of the holes of the pair on one side of the longitudinal axis L and the other hole of the pair on the opposite side of axis L. Slots 32 and 35 are similarly arranged in pairs. It is also preferred that paired holes 34 are identical in shape and size, and are located symmetrically about the axis L. Paired slots 35 are also identical in shape and size, and are located symmetrically about the axis L. The paired slots 32 at intermediate nodes 38 are also identical in shape and size, and are located symmetrically about the axis L. Plate 31 includes recesses between each of nodes 36, 37, 38 to reduce the outer contouring size of the plate. In addition, the recesses between each of the nodes provides an area of reduced material, allowing additional bending of the plate by the surgeon as may be required by the spinal anatomy. Plate 31 has a length selected by the surgeon with nodes 36, 37, and, if needed, nodes 38 to register with the patient vertebrae.

[0044] Plate 31 preferably includes a rounded upper surface 41 that is in contact with the soft tissue surrounding the spine when the plate is engaged to the spine. Rounded surface 41 reduces the amount of trauma that would be experienced by the surrounding soft tissue. The bottom surface 42 of plate 31 is preferably configured to contact the vertebral bodies of the spine at each of the instrumented levels. In one embodiment, at least a portion of bottom surface 42 can be textured along the length of the plate to enhance its grip on a vertebral body.

[0045] Holes 34 include a recess 45 adjacent the top surface of plate 31 that allow the head of the bone engaging fastener, such as bone screw 50, to be countersunk in plate 31. Similarly, intermediate slots 32 include a recess 46 around each slot 32 adjacent top surface of the plate, and slots 35 include a recess 47 around each slot 35 adjacent the top surface of the plate. Preferably, slots 35 include a ramp 60 that, as described further below, allows a dynamic compression load to be applied to the spinal column portion upon insertion of screw 50 at second end 43 of slot 35. Recesses 46, 47 also allow the head of screw 50 to be countersunk in plate 31 when inserted through a corresponding one of the slots 32, 35. A groove 39 extends along axis L of plate 31 and intersects with each of recesses 45, 46, 47 along the length of groove 39. The end of plate 31 at second node 37 includes a notch 40, which is preferably rounded with a radius R4 centered on axis L (FIG. 12.)

[0046] Retainer assembly 33 includes a washer 90 having a length that substantially corresponds to the length of plate 31. Washer 90 defines a plurality of apertures 91. Each aperture 91 is provided at a body portion 93, 94, 95 that corresponds to vertebral nodes 36, 37, 38, respectively. A connecting portion 98 extends between and connects body portions 93, 94, 95. Each of the apertures 91 has a countersink 92 extending therearound adjacent to the top surface of washer 90. As described more fully below, countersink 92 is tapered from a first width at the first end of aperture 91 to a second width at the second end of aperture 91, the first width being greater than the second width. Locking fasteners, shown in the form of screws 85, are positionable, each through a corresponding one of the apertures 91, to engage a fastener bore 70 (see FIGS. 4(a)-4(f)) in plate 31 and couple washer 90 to plate 31.

[0047] Consequently, retainer assembly 33 retains screws 50 placed into the vertebral bodies at each of the instrumented levels. Washer 90 is translatable from an unlocked position (FIG. 1) for bone screw insertion to a locked position (FIG. 2) after screw insertion to contact the head of the bone screws in holes 34 and overlap the heads of bone screws in slots 32, 35. Preferably, washer 90 does not contact the heads of bone screws in slots 32, 35, thus allowing translation of the bone screws in the slots. Back-out of the bone screws in slots 32, 35 is prevented when the bone screw backs out from its seated position a sufficient amount to contact washer 90. Preferably, washer 90 resides almost entirely within groove 39 of plate 31 to minimize the overall height of the construct.

[0048] As shown in FIG. 1, retainer assembly 33 is in an unlocked condition with screws 85 at the second end of apertures 90. In the unlocked condition, body portions 93, 94, 95 of washer 90 do not overlap holes 34 and a portion of slots 32, 35, and enable insertion of the bone screws 50 therein. Narrowed portions 98 of washer 90 allow bone screws 50 to be placed through holes 34 and slots 35 to secure plate 31 to the vertebrae V1 and V2. If desired, the surgeon can also place bone screws 50 in intermediate slots 32 to secure plate 31 to vertebrae V3 and V4 as deemed necessary. Plate 31 and bone screws 50 preferably interface in holes 34 such that rigid fixation of plate 31 to the first vertebra V1 is achieved. Slots 35 are positioned over second vertebra V2, and include a second end 43 and a first end 44. As shown in FIG. 1, screw 50 is initially is inserted at second end 43 of slot 35, allowing subsequent translation of screw 50 in slot 35 from second end 43 to first end 44. For the purposes of clarity, only a single screw 50 is shown in slot 35; however, it is contemplated that bone screws are inserted in both slots 35. Bone screws 50 inserted in intermediate slots 32 also translate from the second end 48 to first end 49 (FIG. 15) of slot 32.

[0049] Once screws 50 are placed through holes 34 and in slots 32 and 35, washer 90 of retainer assembly 33 may be translated to its locked condition shown in FIG. 2. In the locked condition, body portions 93, 94, 95 of washer 90 retain the heads of the inserted screws 50 in holes 34 and slots 32, 35 and prevent the screws from backing out of plate 31. In order to translate the retainer assembly 33 to its locked condition, locking screw 85 is threaded into a corresponding fastener bore 70 in plate 31. This downward threading of locking screw 85 causes the tapered countersink 92 of washer 90 to ride along the head of locking screw 85 until locking screw 85 contacts the first end of aperture 91. This translates washer 90 along axis L to its locked condition, where the washer 90 retains bone screws 50 in plate 31.

[0050] Bone screws 50 are allowed to translate within slots 35 and intermediate slots 32 from the second end of the slots to the first end of the slots while retainer assembly 33 retains bone screws 50 in plate 31 and prevents screw backout. As shown in FIG. 3, the screw positioned in slot 35 has translated from second end 43 to first end 44. The translation of screw 50 is limited by contact of screw 50 with first end 44. The amount of translation may also be controlled by providing bone screws in intermediate slots 32. Thus, the amount of translation of the spinal column segment can be limited by the length of slots 32, 35.

[0051] Referring now to FIGS. 4(a)-4(f) and FIGS. 5(a)-5(f), several embodiments of elongated plate 31 and washer 90 are depicted. It is understood that the anterior plating system 30 according to the present invention can be readily adapted for fixation to several vertebrae by modifying the length of plate 31 and the number and arrangements of holes 34, second slots 35, and intermediate slots 32. Paired slots 32, 35 and paired holes 34 at each of the vertebrae provide, at a minimum, for at least two bone screws 50 to be engaged into each respective vertebrae. The placement of two or more screws in each vertebral body improves the stability of the construct. It is one object of the present invention not only to provide for multiple screw placements in each vertebral body, but also to provide means for retaining the bone screws in plate 31 to prevent back out or loosening of the screws. The present invention contemplates various specific embodiments for a plate 31 that is provided in lengths that range from 19 millimeters (hereinafter “mm”) to 110 mm, and an overall width of about 17.8 mm. However, other dimensions for the length and width of plate 31 are also contemplated herein.

[0052] The plate 31 of FIGS. 1-3 is sized to span four vertebrae and includes a first node 36, a second node 37, and two intermediate nodes 38. In FIGS. 4(a) and 5(a), plate 31 a and washer 90 a are sized span two vertebrae. Plate 31 a has holes 34 a at first node 36 a and holes 34 a at second node 37 a. Plate 31 a is provided with washer 90 a that resides in groove 39 a and is translatable to retain bone screws in holes 34 a. In this embodiment, plate 31 a provides rigid fixation at each vertebra. A modification of plate 31 a is depicted FIGS. 4(b) and 5(b). The holes at the second vertebral node are replaced with slots 35 b at second node 37 b. A washer 90 b resides in groove 39 b and is translatable to retain bone screws in holes 34 b and slots 35 b.

[0053] Plate 31 c and washer 90 c of FIGS. 4(c) and 5(c) similarly provide for instrumentation at two vertebrae. Plate 30 c has a recess portion between nodes 36 c and 37 c. Washer 90 c resides in groove 39 c and is translatable to retain lock screws in holes 34 c and slots 35 c. It should be noted that the plates of FIGS. 4(a)-4(c) span two vertebrae, and preferably do not include notch 40 on the second end of that plate as do the plates sized to span three or more vertebrae.

[0054] Plate 31 d and washer 90 d of FIGS. 4(d) and 5(d) are provided for instrumentation at three vertebrae. Plate 31 d has first vertebral node 36 d, second vertebral node 37 d, and intermediate node 38 d. Washer 90 d resides in groove 39 d and is translatable to retain bone screws in holes 34 d and slots 32 d, 35 d. Plate 31 e and washer 90 e of FIGS. 4(e) and 5(e) are provided for instrumentation at five vertebrae. Plate 31 e has first vertebral node 36 e, second vertebral node 37 e, and three intermediate nodes 38 e. Washer 90 e resides in groove 39 e and is translatable to retain bone screws in holes 34 e and slots 32 e, 35 e. Plate 31 f and washer 90 f of FIGS. 4(f) and 5(f) are provided for instrumentation at six vertebrae. Plate 31 f has first vertebral node 36 f, second vertebral node 37 f, and four intermediate nodes 38 f. Washer 90 f resides in groove 39 f and is translatable to retain bone screws in holes 34 f and slots 32 f, 35 f.

[0055] Referring now to FIG. 6, the details of bone engaging fastener or screw 50 are shown. Bone screw 50 is preferably configured for engagement in the cervical spine, and includes threaded shank 51 that is configured to engage a cancellous bone of the vertebral body. The threaded shank may be provided with self-tapping threads, although it is also contemplated that the threads can require prior drilling and tapping of the vertebral body for insertion of screw 50. It is preferred that the threads on shank 51 define a constant outer diameter d2 along the length of the shank. It is also preferred that shank 51 has a root diameter that is tapered along a portion of the length of the shank and increases from the tip of shank 51 to a diameter d1 at an intermediate or cylindrical portion 52.

[0056] Intermediate portion 52 extends between shank 51 and a head 54 of screw 50. The threads on shank 51 extend into portion 52 by a thread run out 53. According to standard machining practices, cylindrical portion 52 includes a short segment that does not bear any threads. This segment of cylindrical portion 52 interfaces or contacts with a plate thickness at hole 34 or slot 32, 35 through which bone screw 50 extends. This short segment has an outer diameter d1. The head 54 of screw 50 includes a tool recess 55 configured to receive a driving tool. In one specific embodiment, tool recess 55 is a hex recess, or in the alternative, any type of drive recess as would occur to those skilled in the art. Head 54 includes a truncated or flattened top surface 56 having a diameter d4. A spherical surface 57 extends from cylindrical portion 52 to a shoulder 59. Shoulder portion 59 has a diameter d5. An inclined surface 58 extends between shoulder 59 and truncated top surface 56. Inclined surface 58 forms an angle A₁ with top surface 56.

[0057] It is contemplated that screw 50 may be provided with shank 51 having a length that varies from about 10 mm to about 24 mm. In one specific embodiment of screw 50, the threads have diameter d2 of about 4.5 mm. In another specific embodiment, the diameter d2 is about 4.0 mm. In both specific embodiments, cylindrical portion 52 has a diameter d1 of about 4.05 mm. Cylindrical portion 52 has an unthreaded segment with a height h1 that is determined by standard machining practices for thread run-out between a shank and screw head. Height h1 and diameter d1 of cylindrical portion 52 are sized to achieve a snug fit between screw 50 and plate 31 in hole 34 or slot 32, 35 through which screw 50 is placed. Head 54 is provided with height h2, outer diameter d5 at shoulder 59, diameter d4 at top surface 56, and inclined surface 54 angle A_(t) such that the head 54 is nested within its corresponding slot 32, 35 or hole 34 and recessed below the top surface of the plate. Although reference has been made to specific dimensions in this specific embodiment, it should be understood that the present invention also contemplates other dimensions and configurations for screw 50. It should also be understood that bone screws used to secure plate 31 can each have a different length and diameters associated therewith, and need not correspond exactly to the other bone engaging fasteners used in the construct.

[0058] The details of locking screw 85 are provided in FIG. 7. Locking screw 85 includes a shank 86 having machine threads thereon. In one specific embodiment, locking screw 85 terminates in a sharp point 88 that permits penetration into the vertebral body when locking screw 85 is secured in threaded fastener bore 70. Head 87 includes a lower conical surface 89 configured to mate with aperture 91 of washer 90. Head 87 further includes a tool recess 87 a for receiving a driving tool therein.

[0059] Further details and embodiments of washer 90 of retainer assembly 33 are provided in FIGS. 8(a)-8(k). Washer 90 includes second body portion 95, first body portion 93, and if necessary, one or more intermediate body portions 94. A connecting portion 98 extends between and connects each of the body portions 93, 94, 95. Washer 90 has a top surface 100 a and a bottom surface 10 b. Each body portion 94, 95 defines an aperture 91 extending between top surface 100 a and bottom surface 10 b. Aperture 91 has a tapered countersink portion 92 therearound adjacent top surface 100 b. Aperture 91 allows passage of shank 86 of locking screw 85 therethrough, and countersink 92 is preferably configured to mate with conical surface 89 and seat locking screw 85 at various positions along the length of aperture 91. Preferably, countersink portion 92 is sloped toward bottom surface 100 b from second end 97 to first end 96. The mating conical features between locking screw 85 and aperture 91 provide a self-translating capability for washer 90 relative to plate 31 as locking screw 85 is tightened into fastener bore 70 of plate 31.

[0060] Body portions 93, 94, 95 have a width W1 that is greater than a width W2 of connecting portion 98. The width W1 and length of body portions 93, 94, 95 are configured so that the body portions overlap with recess 45 of holes 34 and recesses 46, 47 of slots 32, 35. The body portions 93, 94, 95 retain the heads of bone screws extending through the holes and slots of plate 31 when washer 90 resides in groove 39 and is in the locked condition of FIG. 2. The width W2 and the length of the connecting portions 98 are configured to allow insertion of screws in holes 34 and slots 32, 35 when washer 90 is in the unlocked condition of FIG. 1.

[0061] In FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b) there is shown second body portion 95 of washer 90. Aperture 91 has countersink portion 92 that is tapered along the length of aperture 91. Aperture 91 has a width W3 at bottom surface 100 b of washer 90. Countersink portion 92 has a width that varies along the length of aperture 91 and is greater than width W3. Countersink portion 92 has a radius R1 at second end 97 and a radius R2 at first end 96 at top surface 100 a. It is preferred that R1 is less than R2 and the width of countersink portion 92 increases from second end 97 towards first end 96. Aperture 91 has a chord length S1 extending between the center of radius R1 and the center of radius R2. Body portion 95 further includes a transition portion 99 that extends between connecting portion 98 and body portion 95.

[0062] Intermediate body portion 94 of FIGS. 8(c) and 8(d) is similar in many respects to second body portion 95 of FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), and also includes an aperture 91 having a tapered countersink portion 92. However, intermediate body portion 94 has a connecting portion 98 extending in both directions therefrom. A second transition portion 98 a extends between second connecting portion 98 and body portion 94. Body portion 94 has a chord length S1 between the center of radius R1 and the center of radius R2.

[0063] Tapered countersink 92 of aperture 91 provides a self-translating capability of the washer 90. This is because the washer 90 is translated relative to plate 31 as the locking screw 85 is threaded into threaded bore 70. The camming conical surface 89 of screw 85 advances downward along the tapered portion of the wall of countersink portion 92 of aperture 91.

[0064] FIGS. 8(e) and 8(f) show first body portion 93. First body portion 93 is also similar to second body portion 95. However, in one embodiment, first body portion 93 includes an aperture 91′ having a countersink portion 92′ that is not tapered along its length to provide a self-translating capability for washer 90 like the countersink portions 92 of body portions 94 and 95. Rather, after washer 90 is translated relative to plate 31 as described above, locking screw 85 will already be positioned at first end 96′, and may thereafter be threaded into bore 70 and seated within countersink portion 92′. Alternatively, the surgeon may slide the washer by hand or with a tool to its translated position, and lock the washer in its translated position by seating locking screw 85 into countersink 92′ at first end 96′. Countersink 92′ has a definite location at second end 96′ for seating locking screw 85, providing a reference for the surgeon to confirm that washer 90 has been translated to its locked position. It should be understood, however, that it is also contemplated herein that body portion 93 could also be provided with aperture 91 like body portions 94 and 95 as shown in FIGS. 1-3.

[0065] Referring now to FIG. 8(g), a cross-sectional view of washer 90 is provided through aperture 91 of body portion 94, 95. Washer 90 has an outer surface 104 configured to overlap bone screws 50 in slots 32, 35 without contacting inclined surface 58 of screws 50 when retainer assembly 33 is in its locked condition. Outer surface 104 extends from bottom surface 100 b to a shoulder 103. Shoulder 103 extends between inclined surface 104 and top surface 100 a. Inclined surface 104 forms an angle A₂ with respect to bottom surface 100 b. Washer 90 defines a thickness t1 between top surface 100 a and bottom surface 100 b, and a shoulder height of t2 from bottom surface 100 b. Washer 90 has a width W7 along bottom surface 100 b at aperture 91.

[0066] Referring now to FIG. 8(h), a cross-sectional view of washer 90 is provided through aperture 91 or 91′ of body portion 93. Washer 90 has contact surface 106 configured to contact inclined surface 58 of screws 50 when retainer assembly 33 is in its locked condition. Contact surface 106 extends from bottom surface 100 b to a shoulder 105. Shoulder 105 extends between contact surface 106 and top surface 100 a. Contact surface 106 forms an angle A₃ with respect to bottom surface 100 b that is configured to mate with and provide surface contact with inclined surface 58 of bone screw 50. Washer 90 defines a thickness t3 between top surface 100 a and bottom surface 100 b, and a shoulder height of t4 from bottom surface 100 b.

[0067] In one specific embodiment of the washer 90, the body portions have a width W1 and connecting portion have width W2 that is based on the spacing between the centerlines of the paired slots and holes of the plates and the overall width of the plate. The width W3 of aperture 91 in the specific embodiment is sized to accommodate the shank 86 of locking screw 85 without head 87 passing therethrough. The length of body portions 94 and 95 varies based on the length and spacing between slots 32, 35 and holes 34 in plate 31. Preferably, the body portions 94, 95 have a length sufficient to overlap substantially the entire length of slot 32, 35 when retainer assembly 33 is in its locked position. The tapered countersink portion 92 of aperture 91 has radius R1 that transitions to radius R2 along the chord length S1. Thickness t1 is less than thickness t3, and shoulder height t4 is less than shoulder height t2. Body portion 93 has a width W8 along bottom surface 100 b that is greater than width W7 of body portions 94, 95. Angle A₂ is preferably less that angle A1. The dimensions of washer 90 are preferably arranged so that body portions 94, 95 do not contact the screw heads nested in slots 32, 35 to facilitate translation of the screws in slots 32, 35. Body portion 93 contacts the screw heads nested in holes 34 to further enhance the fixed orientation between screws 50 and plate 31 in holes 34. Although reference has been made to the dimensional attributes of this specific embodiment, it should be understood that the present invention also contemplates other orientations and dimensional relationships for washer 90.

[0068] The present invention also contemplates a retainer assembly in which individual washers are provided at each node for retaining screws in holes 34 and slots 32, 35 of plate 31. Referring now to FIGS. 8(i) and 80), a slot washer 195 and a hole washer 193 are provided. Slot washer 195 is similar to body portion 95 of washer 90 and hole washer 193 is similar to body portion 93 of washer 90, both of which are described above. Elements that are alike bear the same reference number as the corresponding element of body portions 95, 93. Slot washer 195 and hole washer 193 do not have a connecting portion 98 extending to another washer. Slot washer 195 has a body portion 198 with a length S2 that varies and is sized to correspond to the length of the adjacent slot 32, 35 when washers 195 are positioned on plate 31. Slot washer 195 does not have a connecting portion 98 extending to another washer. Hole washer 193 has a body portion 199 with a length S3 that varies and is sized to correspond to the length of the plate adjacent hole 34 when washer is positioned on plate 31.

[0069] In FIG. 8(k) an alternate embodiment of washers 193 and 195 is provided and designated at 193′, 195′ respectively. Washers 193′, 195′ are the same as washers 193, 195 described above, except for aperture 191. Aperture 191 does not have a tapered countersink, but rather has a semi-circular countersink portion 192 only at first end 196. Countersink portion 192 provides a single position for locking screw 85 to lock the washer 193′, 195′ to plate 31 after the washer 193′, 195′ has been translated relative to plate 31 by the surgeon. Washers 193′, 195′ have body portion 198′,199′ with length S4 that varies as described above with respect to length S2 and S3.

[0070] Referring now to FIGS. 9-18, further details of plate 31 will be discussed with reference to illustrations of first node 36, second node 37, and intermediate node 38. In FIGS. 9-11, first node 36 of plate 31 is depicted. It is preferred that holes 34 are identical and symmetrical about axis L. Hole 34 includes recess 45 adjacent top surface 41. Holes 34 include a cylindrical bore 77 having generally vertical sidewalls adjacent bottom surface 42. Cylindrical bore 77 extends between recess 45 and bottom surface 42 of plate 31, and has a diameter D1. Cylindrical bore 77 has axis 72 b that is offset at angle A₅ from an axis 72 a that extends normal to plate 31 as shown in FIG. 10. Recess 45 has a partial spherical portion 45 a defined about a central axis 72 b. Axis 72 b is offset from axis 72 a by angle A₅. Offset angle A₅ directs bone screws inserted into holes 34 toward the first end of plate 31. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 11, axes 72 a converge below the bottom surface 42 of plate 31 at angle A₄ with respect to an axis 72 c that extends along the centerline of plate 31 perpendicular to axis L. Recess 45 intersects groove 39 at intersecting portion 45 c. Spherical portion 45 a is configured to mate with spherical surface 57 of bone screw 50, allowing at least a portion of head 54 to be recessed below top surface 41 of plate 31.

[0071] To facilitate insertion of drill guides, drills and the bone screws 50, recess 45 also includes a flared portion 45 b that extends in a superior direction from axis 72 b. In one embodiment, recess 45 includes a wall that parallels bore 77 and extends between between spherical portion 45 a and flared portion 45 b to further facilitate insertion and maintenance of a drill guide in recess 45.

[0072] In one specific embodiment, spherical portion 45 a has a diameter that mates with the diameter of spherical surface 57 of screw 50, and is slightly larger than diameter d5 of head 54 of bone screw 50. The cylindrical bore 77 of hole 34 has a diameter D1 of 4.1 mm, which is slightly larger than the diameter d1 of intermediate portion 52 of screw 50. This portion of the screw contacts bore 77 and assumes a fixed orientation with respect to plate 31. In this specific embodiment, offset angle A₅ is about 12.6 degrees and convergence angle A₄ is about 6 degrees relative to axis 72 c. Although reference has been made to the dimensional attributes of this specific embodiment, it should be understood that the present invention also contemplates other dimensions.

[0073] Referring now to FIGS. 12-14, second vertebral node 37 is depicted. Vertebral node 37 includes slots 35 that are preferably identical and symmetrical about axis L. Slot 35 includes slotted bore 78 adjacent bottom surface 42 of plate 31 having generally vertical sidewalls extending between second end 43 and first end 44. Slotted bore 78 extends between bottom surface 42 and recess 47 adjacent top surface 42. Bore 78 has a width W5 and a chord length S4, and has a central axis 75 b extending through plate 31. Recess 47 has a spherical portion 47 a about central axis 75 b that extends around slot 35. As shown in FIG. 13, central axis 75 b is offset from axis 75 a that extends normal to plate 31 by angle A₅. Offset angle A₅ directs bone screws inserted into slot 35 towards the second end of plate 31. It should be noted that slot 35 allows insertion of a bone screw at angles less than A₅ in slot 35, and bone screw 50 may be positioned within slot 35 at any location between ends 43 and 44. However, retaining assembly 33 provides for insertion of bone screws 50 at second 43 as would be clinically desirable for settling. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 14, axes 75 b converge below the bottom surface 42 of plate 31 at angle A4 with respect to axis 72 c.

[0074] Spherical portion 47 a is configured to mate with spherical surface 57 of bone screw 50, allowing at least a portion of head 54 to be recessed below top surface 41 of plate 31. To facilitate insertion of drill guides, drills and the bone screws 50, recess 47 also includes a flared portion 47 b that extends around spherical portion 47 a. In one embodiment, it is contemplated that recess 47 include a wall that parallels bore 78 extending between spherical portion 47 a and flared portion 47 b to further facilitate maintenance and insertion of a drill guide in recess 47. Recess 47 intersects groove 39 at overlap portion 47 c, as shown in FIG. 14. The second end of second node 37 includes notch 40 having radius R4 centered about axis L. It is also contemplated herein that plate 31 is provided without notch 40, as shown in FIGS. 4(a)-4(c).

[0075] In a preferred embodiment, slot 35 includes ramp 60 extending between bore 78 and flared portion 47 b at second end 43. Ramp 60 is not configured to allow spherical surface 57 of screw 50 to seat therein, but has an orientation that causes second end 43 of slot 35 and screw 50 to separate as screw 50 is threaded into slot 35. Spherical surface 57 of head 54 provides camming action along the ramp 60 until head 54 seats in recess 47 at a position spaced a distance from second end 43. This camming action applies a dynamic compression load to the spinal column portion. The amount of compression applied to the spinal column portion is controlled by the length of ramp 60 from second 43 to the position in slot 35 where screw 50 seats in recess 47. It should be understood that slot 35 may also be provided without ramp 60.

[0076] In one specific embodiment, spherical portion 47 a has a diameter sized to mate with spherical surface 57 of screw 50, and is slightly larger than diameter d5 of head 54 of bone screw 50. Slotted bore 78 has a width W5 of about 4.1 mm, which is slightly larger than the diameter d1 of intermediate portion 52 of screw 50. The cylindrical portion 52 of bone screw 50 contacts plate 31 in bore 78 and prevents rotation of screw 50 transverse to axis 72 c. The chord length S4 varies depending upon the length of the slot 35 needed for the particular application of plate 31 and patient anatomy. In this specific embodiment, offset angle A₅ is about 12.6 degrees and convergence angle A₄ is about 6 degrees relative to an axis 72 c. Although reference has been made to the dimensional attributes of this specific embodiment, it should be understood that the present invention also contemplates other dimensions.

[0077] Referring now to FIGS. 15-17, various views of intermediate node 38 are depicted. Vertebral node 38 includes slots 32 that are preferably identical and symmetrical about axis L. Slot 32 includes slotted bore 79 adjacent bottom surface 42 of plate 31 having generally vertical sidewalls extending between a second end 48 and a first end 49. Slotted bore 79 extends between bottom surface 42 and recess 46 adjacent top surface 42. Bore 79 has a width W5 and a chord length S5, and has a central axis 76 a extending through plate 31. Recess 46 has a spherical portion 46 a that extends around slot 35. As shown in FIG. 16, central axis 76 a generally extends normal to plate 31. However, as shown in FIG. 17, the axes 76 a converge below the bottom surface 42 of plate 31 at angle A₄ with respect to axis 72 c. It should be noted that slot 32 allows insertion of bone screws 50 at various angles with respect to axis 76 a.

[0078] Spherical portion 46 a is configured to mate with spherical surface 57 of bone screw 50, allowing at least a portion of head 54 to be recessed below top surface 41 of plate 31. To facilitate insertion of drill guides, drills and bone screws 50, recess 46 also includes a flared portion 46 b that extends around spherical portion 46 a. In one embodiment, a wall paralleling bore 79 extends between spherical portion 46 a and flared portion 46 b to further facilitate insertion and maintenance of a drill guide in recess 46. Screw 50 may be placed within intermediate slot 32 between ends 48 and 49. However, it is preferred that the screw is inserted initially at second end 48, thus allowing compression loading of the spinal column segment. Recess 46 intersects groove 39 at overlap portion 46 c, as shown in FIG. 17.

[0079] In one specific embodiment, spherical portion 46 a has a diameter sized to mate with spherical surface 57 of screw 50, and is slightly larger than diameter d5 of head 54 of bone screw 50. The slotted bore 79 has a width W5 of about 4.1 mm, which is slightly larger than the diameter d1 of intermediate portion 52 of screw 50. Cylindrical portion 52 of bone screw 50 interfaces with plate 31 in bore 79 such that angular adjustment of screw 50 transverse to axis 72 c is prevented. The chord length S5 varies depending upon the length of slot 35 needed for the particular application of plate 31 and patient anatomy. In this specific embodiment, convergence angle A₄ is about 6 degrees relative to an axis 72 c. Although reference has been made to the dimensional attributes of this specific embodiment, it should be understood that the present invention also contemplates other dimensions.

[0080] Referring now to FIG. 18, a cross-sectional view of plate 31 is provided through line 18-18 of FIG. 15. Groove 39 has a width W6 at top surface 41 of plate 31. Groove 39 has bottom surface 73 extending between inclined sidewalls 74. Sidewalls 74 extend between bottom surface 73 of groove 39 and top surface 41 of plate 31. It is contemplated that the groove 39 has a depth sufficient to accommodate the washer 90 so as to minimize protrusion of washer 90 above top surface 41 of plate 31.

[0081] To accommodate the anterior application of the fixation plate assembly 30, the plate is curved in two degrees of freedom. Specifically, the bottom surface 42 of the plate can be curved along a large radius R, centered in a vertebral plane containing central axis L, as shown schematically in FIG. 16, to accommodate the lordotic curvature of the cervical spine. In addition, bottom surface 42 forms a medial/lateral curvature C, as shown in FIG. 18, to correspond to the curvature of the vertebral body. It is understood that plate 31 can also be bent as needed to accommodate the particular spinal anatomy and vertebral pathology.

[0082] Referring now to FIG. 19a, a partial sectional view of fixation plate assembly 30 at holes 34 is provided with screws 50 engaged to vertebra V1 and retainer assembly 33 in the locked position. A pair of screws 50 are disposed within the respective holes 34 so that the threaded shanks 51 project beyond the lower surface 42 of plate 31 into the vertebral body V1. The intermediate portion 52 of screw 50 extends through the bore 77 of the hole 34. Spherical surface 57 of head 54 contacts recess 45 of hole 34 when screw 50 is seated therein. The intermediate portion 52 provides a snug fit for screw 50 in the bore 77 so that screw 50 is not able to pivot with respect to plate 31.

[0083] Referring to FIG. 19b, a partial sectional view of fixation plate assembly 30 at slots 32 or 35 is provided with screws 50 engaged to vertebra V1 and retainer assembly 33 in the locked position. A pair of screws 50 are disposed within respective slots 32, 35 so that threaded shanks 51 project beyond lower surface 42 of plate 31 into the corresponding vertebral body V2, V3, or V4. Cylindrical portion 52 of screw 50 extends through bores 78, 79 of slots 35 and 32, respectively. Spherical surface 57 of head 54 contacts recesses 46, 47 of slots 32, 35 when screw 50 is seated therein. Cylindrical portion 52 provides a snug fit for screw 50 in bores 78, 79 so that screw 50 is not able to pivot or translate with respect to axis 72 c of plate 31. Of course, screws 50 inserted into slots 32 or 35 are able to translate along the length of slots 32, 35 as described above. It should be understood that the present invention also contemplates various embodiments of plate 31 that use variable angle screws capable of assuming universal angular orientation with respect to plate 31 in slots 32, 35 and holes 34.

[0084] In order to ensure screws 50 are retained within plate 31, retainer assembly 33 is moved to its locked position where it contacts the heads 54 of bone screws 50 in holes 34. Locking screw 85 is threaded into threaded fastener bore 70 of plate 31 to translate washer 90 from its unlocked position to its locked position, as described above, and to draw contact surface 106 into contact with inclined surface 58 of screw 50 as shown in FIG. 19a. Contact surface 106 preferably applies a downward force onto head 54 to firmly seat the screw heads within the plate recesses and further fix screw 50 in hole 34. In a preferred embodiment, this downward force is exacted by washer 90 as surface 106 contacts inclined surface 58. As shown in FIG. 19b, outer surface 104 of washer 90 does not contact the heads of bone screws 50 in slots 32, 25. Outer surface 104 overlaps the bone screws 50 to retain bone screws in slots 32, 35. Outer surface 104 will contact the heads of the bone screws if the bone screws backout from slots 32, 35. It is preferred that bottom surface 100 b of washer 90 does not contact bottom surface 73 of groove 39.

[0085] In a further aspect of the invention, the retainer assembly 33 may be loosely fixed on plate 31 so the surgeon need not fiddle with applying retainer assembly 33 to plate 31 during surgical procedures. The locking fasteners 85 are pre-inserted through apertures 91 of washer 90 and partially threaded into fastener bores 70. Washer 90 is initially positioned such that the second end of each aperture 91 is positioned adjacent locking screw 85. After positioning screws 50 through the holes and slots of plate 31, locking fasteners 85 are advanced further into bores 70 and along tapered portions 92 of apertures 91 to translate washer 90 to a locked condition and retain bone screws 50 in plate 31.

[0086] As previously mentioned, sharp point 88 of locking screw 85 is preferably configured to penetrate the cortical bone. In one embodiment, sharp point 88 will penetrate the vertebra when plate 31 is initially positioned on the bone. In this instance, locking screw 85 helps locate and temporarily stabilize the plate on the vertebra as the bone screws 50 are engaged to the vertebra. This temporary location feature provided by locking screw 85 can also be used to maintain the position of plate 31 on the vertebra as a drill guide is used to drill and tap the vertebrae to receive bone screws 50.

[0087] According to another aspect of the invention, there are provided instruments and techniques for securing plate 31 to vertebrae of a spinal column segment and for applying a compression load to a graft or implant placed in the spinal column segment. Referring to FIGS. 20(a)-20(f), a guide 150 includes a handle 152, a template 154, and arm 153 extending therebetween. Preferably, arm 153 extends outward from the spine and is bent so that handle 152 parallels the spine, positioning handle 152 out of the way of the surgeon. Template 154 includes a second end 155 that defines a notch 158. Template 154 also includes first end 156 having a projection 156 a extending downward therefrom towards vertebral body V2. Template 154 further defines a pair of slots 157 between second end 159 and first end 156.

[0088] The surgeon selects a guide 150 with a template 154 sized to position notch 158 at the desired location on vertebra V2 and places guide instrument 150 on vertebral body V2. Notch 158 is located on vertebra V2 by placing projection 156 a in abutting contact with the endplate of vertebra V2 in disc space D. Slots 157 provide a visual indication to the surgeon of the range of positions available for screw insertion into the vertebral body through slots 35 of plate 31. If desired, the surgeon can obtain a desired position or location of notch 158 and the desired available range of bone screw positions on vertebra V2 by selecting a guide having a different sized template 154.

[0089] Referring now to FIG. 20(b), after the notch is in the desired position on vertebra V2, a compression pin 170 is placed into vertebra V2 guided by notch 158. Pin 170 includes a lower end 171 having a threaded portion (not shown) for attaching pin 170 to vertebra V2. The attachment portion is preferably threaded to screw into vertebra V2, but may also be smooth with a spiked tip for insertion into the vertebra. Pin 170 also includes tool engagement portion 172 to facilitate installation of pin 170 to the vertebral body. It is also contemplated that the surgeon can place pin 170 on the vertebral body spaced away from notch 158 if desired and the vertebral anatomy so allows.

[0090] After pin 170 is engaged to vertebra V2, guide 150 is removed and a sleeve 180 is placed over pin 170 as shown in FIG. 20(c). Sleeve 180 has a hollow body 181 extending between a first end 186 adjacent vertebra V1 and a second end 184. A second end 174 of pin 170 preferably extends from second end 184 of sleeve 180, allowing access to pin 170. Sleeve 180 includes enlarged portion 184 to facilitate placement and removal of sleeve 180. It is contemplated that sleeve 180 has hollow interior and an internal configuration that provides secure attachment to pin 170. Body 181 includes cylindrical outer surface 182 with an outer diameter d6.

[0091] With sleeve 180 in its proper position, plate 31 is positioned with notch 40 in abutting contact with outer surface 182 of sleeve 180, as shown in FIG. 20(d). The diameter d6 of sleeve 180 slightly less than the twice the radius of notch 40 so that notch 40 is nested around sleeve 180. Plate 31 is then secured to vertebra V1 by inserting screws 50 through holes 34.

[0092] With plate 31 secured to the vertebra V1, sleeve 180 is removed from pin 170, as shown in FIG. 20(e), forming a gap 177 between pin 170 and notch 40. In a preferred embodiment, it is contemplated that gap 177 is about 2 mm. However, other sizes for gap 177 are contemplated herein based on the desired compression to be applied.

[0093] Referring now to FIG. 20(f), a compression tool 290 is secured to pin 170 and to slots 32 of plate 31. It is also contemplated that the compression tool can be secured to plate 31 other than at slots 32 by, for example, engaging the sides of plate 31. Compression tool 290 has a first arm 291 with a first foot 294 connected to pin 170. Second arm 292 is connected to the second end of slots 32 via extensions 297 extending from second foot 296. First arm 291 and second arm 292 are manipulated by the surgeon to apply a compression load to the spinal column segment. The amount of applied load is limited by gap 177 between pin 170 and notch 40. For example, in the specific embodiment where gap 177 is 2 mm, the spinal column portion is compressed 2 mm.

[0094] Bone screws 50 are inserted into slots 35 with compression tool 290 maintaining the compression load. With ramp 60 at second 43 of slot 35, an additional amount of dynamic compression is achieved with screw insertion in slots 35, as described above. With screws 50 seated at end 43 of slots 35, compression tool 290 may be removed without release of the compression load. Additional bone screws may be inserted into intermediate slots 32. Washer 90 may then be translated as described above to retain bone screws 50 in plate 31. It should be note that it is contemplated herein that compression tool 290 and pin 170 are preferably only used with plates providing instrumentation at three or more vertebra. However, utilization of a compression tool configured to engage a plate for providing instrumentation at two vertebrae is not precluded.

[0095] Referring now to FIGS. 21(a)-21(c), further details of compression tool 290 are provided. Tool 290 has first arm 291 having first foot 294 extending therefrom. First foot 294 defines recess 293 for receiving the pin 170. Second arm 292 has second foot 296 extending therefrom. Second foot 296 includes extensions 297 extending downward therefrom configured to engage intermediate slots 32 of plate 31. Extensions 297 preferably include recesses 307 that are configured contact the second ends of intermediate slots 32. It is also contemplated that extensions 297 have a curved bottom surface 308 that corresponds to the medial lateral curvature of the vertebral bodies.

[0096] First arm 291 has a reduced thickness portion 299 extending through a passage 295 formed in second arm 292, and is pivotally coupled to second arm 292 with pin 299. First arm 291 has curved handle portion 306 having a projection 303 extending therefrom. Second arm 292 has a handle 305. A ratchet bar 301 is pivotally coupled to second arm 292 via coupling 302. Preferably, ratchet bar 301 is spring-biased towards projection 303. Serrations 304 formed on the bottom side of ratchet mechanism 301 provide for selective engagement with projection 303 on first arm 291.

[0097] The first and second arms are compressed towards one another to apply the compressive load to the vertebral segment. Projection 303 engages the serrated bottom of ratchet bar 301 to prevent relaxation of the arms and allows the surgeon to maintain the compression load during insertion of bone screws 50 within slots 35. Ratchet bar 301 may be lifted against its spring bias away from arm 291 to disengage ratchet bar 301 from projection 303. Arms 291, 292 may then be moved away from one another to release compression tool 290 from pin 170 and plate 31.

[0098] While compression tool 290 has been illustrated and described in detail, the present invention also contemplates other tools capable of being secured between pin 170 and plate 31 to provide a compression load to the spinal column segment. For example, referring now to FIGS. 22(a) and 22(b), it is contemplated that a compression tool may include one or more angular modifications to first arm 391 and second arm 392 to facilitate access to plate 31 and pin 170 at the surgical site. First arm 391 has a lower portion 391 a forming angle B1 with first foot 396. First foot 396 has extensions 397 extending therefrom that are similar to extensions 297 of tool 290. First arm has an upper portion 391 c that terminates with curved handle 406. Curved handle 406 has projection 403 extending therefrom to engage a ratchet bar extending from second arm 392. Arm 391 has a vertical extension 391 b extending between lower portion 391 a and upper portion 391 c. Angle B2 is formed between lowerportion 391 a and vertical portion 391 b. Angle B1 is formed between vertical portion 391 b and upper portion 391 c. Vertical portion 391 b as a region of reduced thickness 399 for connection with second arm 392.

[0099] Second arm 392 has a lower portion 392 a forming angle B1 with second foot 394. Second foot 394 has a recess (not shown) for receiving pin 170 and is similar to recess 293 of tool 290 described above. Second arm 392 has an upper portion 392 c that terminates with handle 405. Upper portion 392 c has ratchet bar 401 with serrations 404. Ratchet bar 401 is pivotally coupled to arm 392 and spring-biased towards projection 403. Ratchet bar 401 is similar to ratchet bar 301, but is preferably curved along its length to accommodate the angular offsets in arms 391, 392 while maintaining engagement between ratchet bar 401 and projection 403. Arm 392 has a vertical extension 392 b extending between lower portion 392 a and upper portion 392 c. Angle B2 is formed between lower portion 392 a and vertical portion 392 b. Angle B1 is formed between vertical portion 392 b and upper portion 392 c. Vertical portion 392 b as a slot 395 of receiving reduced thickness portion 399 of vertical portion 391 b, where first and second arms are pivotally coupled via a pin (not shown.)

[0100] In one specific embodiment of compression tool 290 and 390, angle B1 is about 120 degrees and angle B2 is about 150 degrees. However, other angular offsets in first and second arms of compression tools 190, 290 are also contemplated herein as would occur to those skilled in the art.

[0101] Referring now to FIGS. 23-30, there will now be described methods and instrumentation for drilling holes into the vertebrae in order to secure the plate to the vertebrae with bone engaging fasteners extending through the plate and into the drilled holes. While the methods and instrumentation of FIGS. 23-30 have application with the anterior cervical plates described herein, it is also contemplated that the methods and instrumentation have application with plates secured to other areas of the spine, and also with plates secured to other locations on the vertebrae, such as the lateral, posterior, and antero-lateral aspects of the vertebrae. Further, while the drill guide of the present invention is described with respect to a plate P oriented with slot SL over upper vertebra V2 as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30, it is further contemplated the drill guide has application with a plate having one or more slots over one of or both of vertebrae V1 and V2.

[0102] In FIGS. 23-25, there is a drill guide 500 having a proximal handle 502 coupled to a distal guiding portion 504. Drill guide 500 has a distal end 503 that is positioned in slots SL of plate P with plate P aligned over a portion of a bony structure, such as vertebrae V1, V2 and V3 as shown in FIG. 29. Plate P is to be secured to the bone with bone engaging fasteners, such as discussed above with respect to bone screw 50; however, any suitable bone engaging fastener is contemplated. Drill guide 500 enables the surgeon to attain the desired orientation and positioning to drill, and if desired or necessary, tap holes through slot SL into the bone into which bone engaging fasteners are to be inserted to engage the plate therewith.

[0103] Guiding portion 504 includes a first guide member 506 and a second guide member 508 interconnected by a connecting member 510 at proximal ends 507, 509. Each guide member 506, 508 has a distal portion 511, 513 (FIG. 26) respectively. It should be understood that the present invention further contemplates a guiding portion that includes only one guide member. First guide member 506 includes a passage 520 extending along central axis C2, and second guide member 508 includes a passage 522 extending along central axis C3. Passages 520, 522 are configured such that a drill bit may be passed therethrough and guided to its proper position and orientation through plate P and engaged to vertebra V2 shown in FIG. 29. Central axes C2 and C3 are oriented such that holes drilled through guide portions 506, 508 converge in the vertebral body below plate P at an angle E1. In one specific embodiment, angle E1 is 12 degrees to orient each hole and fastener at a 6 degree angle with respect to central axis C1; however, other convergence angles E1 are also contemplated. It is further contemplated that guide members 506, 508 could be oriented such that holes drilled through guide members 506, 508 diverge below plate P. Handle 502 extends proximally from connecting member 510 such that its central axis C1 is centered between guide members 506, 508. Handle 502 includes a distal portion 512 extending from connecting member 510 that has a central axis C4 forming angle E2 with axes C2, C3 of guide members 506, 508. A central member 514 extends from distal portion 510 and has central axis C1 forming angle E3 with axis C4. A proximal portion 516 having a gripping portion 518 extends from central member 514 and has a central axis C5 forming angle E4 with axis C1. Angles E2, E3, and E4 offset handle 502 from the proximal end openings of guide members-506, 508 to provide the surgeon clear access for inserting the drill therethrough. In one specific embodiment of drill guide 500, angle E2 is 102 degrees, angle E3 is 58 degrees, and angle E4 is 122 degrees. In this embodiment, angle E2 provides a 12 degree cephalad angle for the drilled hole if the slot is positioned over the upper vertebra V2, or a 12 degree caudal angle for the drilled hole if the slot is positioned over a lower vertebra V 1. However, it should be understood that other values for angles E2, E3 and E4 are also contemplated. Further embodiments are also contemplated in which handle 502 is not offset from the proximal end openings guide members 506, 508.

[0104] Referring now to FIG. 26, further details regarding the distal portions 511, 513 of guide members 506, 508 will now be described. Passage 520 has an upper portion 520 a sized to allow passage of at least a portion of the drill therethrough. Passage 520 further includes a lower portion 520 b sized to closely fit with the drill bit to help maintain its proper alignment through guide member 506. It is contemplated that the height H3 of lower portion 520 b is great enough to receive a length of the drill bit to ensure it is properly oriented with respect to vertebra V2 before the hole is drilled in vertebra V2. Passage 522 similarly includes an upper portion 522 a and lower portion 522 b. Rims 520 c, 522 c are formed in each drill guide between the upper and lower portions of passages 520, 522, respectively, and can serve as or contact a depth stop on the drill to limit penetration depth of the drill bit into the vertebral body. The proximal ends of guide members 506, 508 could similarly function to contact or act as a depth stop.

[0105] Guide member 506 further includes a main body portion 532 that extends from proximal end 507 to an intermediate portion 528. Intermediate portion 528 extends about lower portion 520 b of passage 520 and has a width in the direction of the slot width that is less than that of main body portion 532. Intermediate portion 528 is sized such that it can be positioned in a recess extending around the plate slot SL without passing through slot SL (FIG. 30.) A slot engaging portion 530 also extends about lower portion 520 b of passage 520 and further extends from intermediate portion 528 to distal end 534 of guide member 506. Slot engaging portion 530 has a width in the direction of the slot width that is less than that of intermediate portion 528. Slot engaging portion 538 is sized to reside in plate slot SL and in contact with the slot sidewalls with distal end 534 in close proximity to or in contact with the bone underlying plate P.

[0106] Guide member 508 similarly includes a main body portion 538 that extends from proximal end 509 to an intermediate portion 536. Intermediate portion 536 extends about lower portion 522 b of passage 522 and has a width in the direction of the slot width that is less than that of main body portion 538. Intermediate portion 536 is sized such that it can be positioned in a recess extending around the plate slot SL without passing through slot SL (FIG. 30.) A slot engaging portion 538 also extends about lower portion 522 b of passage 522 and also extends from intermediate portion 536 to the distal end 540 of guide member 508. Slot engaging portion 538 has a width in the direction of the slot width that is less than that of intermediate portion 536. Slot engaging portion 538 is sized to reside in plate slot SL in contact with the slot sidewalls such that distal end 540 is in close proximity or in contact with the bone underlying plate P.

[0107] Guide member 506 includes a medial notch 524 formed therein extending proximally from distal end 534. Guide member 508 similarly includes a medial notch 526 formed therein extending proximally from distal end 540. Medial notches 524, 526 are oriented toward one another, and are sized to accommodate a fastener retaining member therebetween, such as the washers for the retaining assemblies described above, so that guide members 506, 508 do not interfere with movement of the washer along plate P. It is also contemplated that guide members 506, 508 are provided without notches 524, 526.

[0108] Referring now to FIGS. 27-28, guide member 506 will be further described, it being understood that guide member 508 includes identical features. Guide member 506 includes an offset portion 542 that extends along intermediate portion 528 and slot engaging portion 530. Offset portion 542 extends along a side of guide member 508 such that it is positionable against either the upper end or the lower end of slot SL when placed therein. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 29-30, offset portion 542 is positioned in contact with upper end SL2 of slot SL.

[0109] Offset portion 542 has a contact surface 543 curved in a plane that extends partially about passage 520 as shown in FIG. 28. As shown in FIG. 27, contact surface 543 of offset portion 542 is at least partially coplanar with the exterior surface of main body portion 532 such that contact surface 543 forms an extension of this exterior surface. Contact surface 543 defines a curve having an offset center 544 and a radius R3 measured from offset center 544. Offset center 544 is located along an axis C5 that extends in the direction of the longitudinal axis SL1 of slot SL (FIG. 30.) Axis C5 also extends though the center 546 of passage 520, intersecting axis C2. Offset center 544 is offset from passage center 546 by a distance d3. In one specific embodiment, distance d3 is 0.95 millimeters and R3 is 2.05 millimeters.

[0110] In an example of one specific application of the drill guide of the present invention, and with reference to FIGS. 29 and 30, plate P is placed over vertebrae V1, V2 and V3 with holes HL aligned over vertebra V1 and slots SL aligned over vertebra V2. Holes are drilled through holes HL and into vertebra V1 using known drill guiding instruments. Bone engaging fasteners are inserted through holes HL and into the drilled holes to secure plate P to vertebra V1. Drill guide 500 is then placed in slots SL as shown in FIGS. 29 and 30 with contact surface 543 against upper end SL2 of slot SL. Offset portion 542 spaces the adjacent edge of the hole drilled in vertebra V2 from the upper end SL2 of each slot SL so that a bone engaging fastener inserted therein is spaced a distance d4 from upper end SL2. In one specific embodiment, this offset distance d4 is about 1.50 millimeters, however, offset distances of 1 millimeter more are also contemplated. The holes are then drilled through guide members 506, 508 of drill guide 500 using manual or power drilling tools. Bone engaging fasteners are then inserted through slots SL and into the offset holes drilled in vertebra V2, and are thus spaced a distance d4 from the upper end SL2 of slot SL. With the opposite end of plate P fixed to vertebra V1, and bone engaging fasteners offset in slots SL between its upper and lower ends, the plate P allows post-operative settling of the spinal columns segment and also

[0111] Please replace the paragraph following “Cross-Reference to Related Applications” on page 1, before line 1 with the following amended paragraph:

[0112] The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/907,022, filed July 17, 2001 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/417,402 filed Oct. 13, 1999, pending now U.S. Pat. No. 6,533,786. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A bone fixation system, comprising: a plate having a top and bottom surface and a central axis extending longitudinally between a first end and a second end, said plate having a plurality of openings between said top and bottom surfaces, wherein a pair of said openings are first and second slots positioned on opposing sides of said central axis, said first and second slots each having a width transverse to said central axis and a length extending between first and second ends of said slot in the direction of said central axis, said length being greater than said width; and a drill guide having first and second guide members extending from a handle, said first and second guide members each having a passage therethrough opening at a distal end of said corresponding guide member, wherein each of said guide members includes an offset portion adjacent said distal end positionable in a corresponding one of said first and second slots against said first end of said corresponding slot, wherein each of said offset portions is configured to space said first end of said corresponding slot from an adjacent edge of a hole formed through said guide member such that a fastener inserted into the hole through said slot is spaced a distance from said first end of said slot.
 2. The bone fixation system of claim 1, wherein each of said first and second slots defines a recess adjacent said top surface of said plate.
 3. The bone fixation system of claim 2, wherein each of said guide members includes an intermediate portion configured to reside in said recess.
 4. The bone fixation system of claim 1, wherein each of said guide members has a slot engaging end extending proximally from said distal end and positionable in said corresponding slot in contact with sidewalls of said slot.
 5. The bone fixation system of claim 1, wherein said plate defines a groove in said top surface extending longitudinally along said central axis of said plate, said groove overlapping each of said first and second slots.
 6. The bone fixation system of claim 5, wherein each of said guide members includes a notched medial sidewall oriented toward said groove when said drill guide is positioned on said plate.
 7. The bone fixation system of claim 1, wherein said first and second slots are positioned over an upper vertebrae when said plate is located on the spinal column.
 8. The bone fixation system of claim 1, wherein: each of said guide members includes a main body portion extending from said handle towards said distal end, said main body portion having an outer surface extending thereabout; and said offset portion of each of said guide members has a contact surface positionable against said corresponding first end of said slot, said contact surface lying in the same plane as and forming an extension of a portion of said outer surface of said main body portion.
 9. The bone fixation system of claim 8, wherein each of said guide members has a slot engaging portion extending proximally from said distal end, an intermediate portion extending between said slot engaging portion and said main body portion, said main body portion having a first width, said intermediate portion having a second width less than said first width, and said slot engaging end having a third width less than said second width.
 10. The bone fixation system of claim 9, wherein said contact surface extends along said slot engaging portion and said intermediate portion.
 11. The bone fixation system of claim 1, wherein said distance is 1 millimeter or more.
 12. A drill guide for drilling a hole in a bone through a bone plate having at least one slot formed therethrough for receiving a bone engaging fastener, the slot having a length and a width transverse to and less than the length, the length extending between opposite first and second ends of the slot, the drill guide comprising: a handle; and at least one guide member extending from said handle, said at least one guide member having a passage extending between a distal end and a proximal end of said drill guide, wherein said at least one guide member includes an offset portion adjacent said distal end positionable against the first end of the slot, wherein said offset portion is configured to space the first end of the slot from an adjacent edge of a hole formed through said guide member in the bone such that a fastener inserted through the slot into the drilled hole is spaced a distance from the first end of the slot.
 13. The drill guide of claim 12, wherein said at least one guide member includes first and second guide members extending from said handle.
 14. The drill guide of claim 13, wherein said handle includes: a connecting member coupled to proximal ends of said first and second guide members; a shaft extending proximally from said connecting portion; and a gripping portion coupled to a proximal end of said shaft.
 15. The drill guide of claim 13, wherein said second guide member includes a passage extending between a proximal end and a distal end, each of said first and second guide members has a central axis extending through said passage, said central axes intersecting at a point distally of said distal ends and forming an angle therebetween.
 16. The drill guide of claim 12, wherein: said guide member includes a main body portion extending from said handle toward said distal end, said main body portion having an outer surface extending thereabout; and said offset portion has a contact surface positionable against the first end of the slot, said contact surface lying in the same plane as and forming an extension of a portion of said outer surface of said main body portion.
 17. The bone fixation system of claim 16, wherein said guide member has a slot engaging portion extending proximally from said distal end, an intermediate portion extending between said slot engaging portion and said main body portion, said main body portion having a first width, said intermediate portion having a second width less than said first width, and said slot engaging end having a third width less than said second width.
 18. The bone fixation system of claim 17, wherein said contact surface extends along said slot engaging portion and said intermediate portion.
 19. The bone fixation system of claim 12 wherein said distance is 1 millimeter or more.
 20. The drill guide of claim 12, wherein said guide member includes a notched sidewall.
 21. A method for securing a plate to a portion of the spinal column, the spinal column portion including an upper vertebra and a lower vertebra, the method comprising: providing a plate having a central axis extending between the upper and lower vertebra, the plate including at least one slot extending between a top surface and a bottom surface of the plate, the slot extending in the direction of the central axis between a first end and an opposite second; placing the plate on the spinal column portion with the slot over the upper vertebra; positioning a drill guide on the plate, the drill guide having an offset portion positionable in the slot against the first end of the slot; and drilling a hole through the drill guide, wherein the offset portion of the drill guide spaces the adjacent edge of the drilled hole from the first end of the slot.
 22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: inserting a bone engaging fastener in the drilled hole, wherein the bone engaging fastener is spaced a distance from the first end of the slot; and applying a compression load to the spinal column portion with a compression tool to position the bone engaging fastener more towards the second end of the slot.
 23. The method of claim 21, further comprising: inserting a bone engaging fastener into the drilled hole, wherein the bone engaging fastener is spaced a distance from the first end of the slot; and allowing movement of the bone engaging fastener towards the first end of the slot in response to extension of the portion of the spinal column.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the distance is based on a desired amount of extension of the portion of the spinal column.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the distance is 1 millimeter or more.
 26. The method of claim 21, further comprising fixing the plate to the lower vertebrae. 